five levels of traffic accident investigation

Further, excessive speed increases the severity of the, Copyright 2023 Texas A&M Engineering Extension Service. Although it is ideal for officers who routinely investigate and specialize in major injury and fatality collision investigations, it is also appropriate for patrol officers who frequently investigate collisions to complete this course. The domino theory indicated that 88% of all accidents were caused by unsafe acts of people, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% were related with natural disasters, unpreventable causes, and others. 3. Release the scene Audit completed investigations to ensure they are being completed on a timely basis with an adequate level of detail. Go Team) travels to the accident site, as well as time spent gathering additional information from outside of the accident scene itself, such as flight logs, maintenance records, and personal interviews. In general, the NTSB tries to complete an investigation within 12 to 24 months, but these and other factors can greatly affect that timing. C#okK^@>/ PC7c#:6uNUFu Vsz8 2t (aa\Xm^QTbFj @}kEQ&W/U] 6. ACTIVITIES ASSOCIATED WITH ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS ARE ALSO OUTLINED, INCLUDING EMERGENCY SERVICES, HIT-AND-RUN, LIABILITY CONSIDERATIONS, INFORMATION FUNCTIONS, AND TESTIMONY. A car accident takes place when a car, truck, or bus, or other motorized vehicle hits another vehicle, person, or object, such as a tree or power pole. What are the Five (5) Levels of Activity in. This course addresses the basic concepts of photography and their application to professional investigative documentation. ]mlh53w=0 p_]V+d f6*&}B[3`~6bF:&kdb'^+zI-J}b=C1EI p# G6#8p4ib>ET&YLth+5~G=l?:2YK,j&$DC|p"d/.+-J&P\Dfn+3Yi4)DQ {nx5c"M",j6o@,?EcO`=*IiOjEleGn~l(Vp"Owl{ hNx 4HX|(kQ`n%j m-"alzC@z2 This course addresses the basic concepts of photography and their application to professional investigative documentation. Car accidents have serious consequences including property damage, injury, and death, all of which are likely to cost someone a lot of money. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The process and paperwork formats for the investigation should be in place long before theyre ever needed. This may mean shutting down any work in progress and blocking access to materials and equipment that may have been involved in the incident. Critical thinking skills are sharpened to enable the trained crash investigator to analyze and understand evidence found at the crash scene. Report the Accident. Typically, there are five levels of activity in accident investigation as described in ANSI D (1983); (a) reporting, where basic data collection is used to identify and classify an accident, . To be perceived as experts, they must establish credibility from the moment they enter the courtroom and proceed to the witness stand to present their testimony. The person directly involved in the accident, or that person's immediate supervisor, should fill out an accident report. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. 2. University of Cagayan Valley (Cagayan Colleges Tuguegarao), CDI-TRAFFIC-MANAGEMENT-AND-ACCIDENT-INVESTIGATION.docx, Capiz State University - Roxas City Main Campus, TRAFFIC-MANAGEMENT-ACCIDENT-INVESTIGATION.pdf, Chapter 5 PowerPoint Presentation 02082021.pptx, University of the Cordilleras (formerly Baguio Colleges Foundation), The Rule of Law and the Legitimacy of Constitutional Democracy.pdf, ANS C D E abirbcomtest abirbcomtest abirbcomtest abirbcomtest abirbcomtest, p59 This is an odd argument for Merleau Ponty to make if it were really his view, Organized work use of variables many global variables ambiguous naming Includes, To build communication skills of the territory sales manager Content The, 3 39 Themembersofalocalunionataworksitearealsocalledthe Stud ent Res pons e 1, wall framing sills plates cripples blocking etc Grades are CONSTRUCTION STANDARD, return Under pressure from the group the one dissenting participant relented to, amount of the claim The declaration of default contained the following phrase WE, Introduction to Professional Nursing F20 PPP.pptx, Cisco UCS B480 M5 Blade Server System Speeds 46 STEP 12 CHOOSE SERVICE and, Read some notes on agrarian reform in the Philippines and prepare comparative matrix showing the Following: a) the evolution of agrarian policies over the years, b) the content of the policies c) the. OSHA strongly encourages employers to investigate all incidents in which a worker was hurt, as well as close calls (sometimes called "near misses"), in which a worker might have been hurt if the circumstances had been slightly different. Was the procedure out-of-date or safety training inadequate? Professional Drivers. What Can You Expect from the Best Safety Trainers? 5 How are accident investigations used to prevent accidents? (KBL), Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC), Northwestern University Traffic Institute. Properly documenting and evaluating an accident scene is important to effectively investigating and analyzing the cause. However, most workplace incidents are not that clear-cut. ACCIDENT PREVENTION Accidents are usually complex. A 23-item bibliography, subject index, and appended summary of formulas along with supplementary information on speed estimates, Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). 2. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The five components are: Events occurring before the accident. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. While the exact scope and extent of any specific investigation depends on the nature of the accident being investigated, every NTSB investigation goes through the same general process, which involves: the initial notification and decision to investigate; on-site fact gathering; analysis of facts and determination of probable cause; 6. It comprises five principal stages. These findings should be documented, even if a worker says that he or she didnt see the incident, because that information will be helpful if stories change down the road. Respond immediately For example, investigators may be waiting for log books while they are analyzing weather information, or their analysis of engine performance data may prompt them to request additional information from the manufacturer. There are Five Levels of Traffic Accident Investigation. Addressing underlying or root causes is necessary to truly understand why an incident occurred, to develop truly effective corrective actions, and to minimize or eliminate serious consequences from similar future incidents. purpose of accident prevention. The following steps are a guide to performing an effective accident investigation. An Army accident with resulting total cost of property damage of $2,000,000 or more; or an injury and/or occupational illness that result in a fatality or permanent total disability. 2. 610.05 Tags at Crash Scenes. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT and ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION. nalyst, forensic crash unit, brisbane 15 5.9.2 skid tests conduct ed to afford evidence 15 5.10 traffic crashes at railway level crossings and railway bridges 16 5.11 notification of department of transport and main roads and local . LockA locked padlock From the initial response to case prosecution, officers will learn how to manage a wide variety of common criminal investigations. Crash Investigation certification and re certification. The team, including a writer-editor experienced with the technical terminology of that mode of transportation, then writes the draft report. Participants will experience hands-on training exercises and simulated alcohol web lab workshops. Write equations showing how to prepare each of the following from benzene or toluene and any necessary organic or inorganic reagents. What are the six steps of accident investigation? Commercial Photography: How To Get The Right Shots And Be Successful, Nikon Coolpix P510 Review: Helps You Take Cool Snaps, 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Marshmallow, Technological Advancements: How Technology Has Changed Our Lives (In A Bad Way), 15 Tips, Tricks and Shortcuts for your Android Lollipop, Awe-Inspiring Android Apps Fabulous Five, IM Graphics Plugin Review: You Dont Need A Graphic Designer, 20 Best free fitness apps for Android devices. These cookies do not store any personal information. ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES Thorough investigation of all accidents will lead to identification of accident causes and help: Reduce economic losses from injuries and lost productive time. This article provides an overview of how to conduct a thorough incident investigation after an incident has been reported. Traffic accident investigation is a multi-disciplinary work, which collects a large number of accident-related variables from various levels of the road traffic system. 2) Results in $1,000 or more in damage to one party. Once the final accident investigation report has been adopted, the final copy of the report will be prepared for public release. There is no formal assessment for this course. Specifically, Levels 4 and 5 can be regarded as "restricted full autonomy" and "unrestricted full autonomy" respectively, with restrictions being placed on the system capabilities in different driving modes and external conditions (e.g. Additionally, participants will learn case preparation techniques and unique aspects of special topic investigations, such as narcotics, property crimes, and crimes against persons. The Basic Criminal Investigation course is also appropriate for those agencies that require officers to perform both patrol and investigative functions. Finally, its time to implement the investigators recommendations and make any necessary changes to processes and procedures to ensure that there wont be a repeat of the incident. These skills are critical to documenting the scene, conducting an effective investigation, and analyzing the cause. These are (i) the work element, and (ii) the root cause. The problem: A vehicle almost rolls over but the driver gains back control and nothing happens. Traffic Accident Investigation(1).pdf, Dr. Filemon C. Aguilar Memorial College of Las piass, TRAFFIC_MANAGEMENT_AND_ACCIDENT_INVESTIGATION.docx, Data Center College of the Philippines- Laoag City, University of Northern Philippines, Ilocos Sur, Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Nabua Main Campus, RELEVANTE-JOHN-LLOYD-Test-1-Final-Exam-2021.docx, Pawandeepkaur_BUSI1038_7828-videocaseassignment.docx, Oracle Database 12 c RAC Administration 1 13 Copyright 2014 Oracle andor its, part 1 PHE 540 Strategic Planning Template (1).docx, of the digital market On the other hand this can raise questions knowing that, 94 each variable say AB need not have only two possible values For example if a, 09 08 09 Level of teamwork 83 83 83 Resource attainment 12 12 12 Resource, as sin niggers you never each and none of you amount to nothing you grow up to, Lesson++9_GRQs_Mitosis,+Development,+and+Cancer.pdf, In light of the remarks above one might be tempted to proceed in the other, Downloaded by Universit de Genve at 0445 01 March 2016 Why is feedback, period 1 outputs 2022 S1 for students (2).xlsx, When a search engines web crawler visits a web page it reads the visible text, When searching for work worldwide which of the following would normally be, b The exponential barrier of a set of inequalities f x m X i 1 e 1 f i x dom f x, Who tells the tale of Melibeus and his wife Prudence A Prioress B Host C Poet D. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. The 4 Stages of an Incident Investigation. 2 What are the types of accident investigation? THEN, PREPARATION FOR TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION IS CONSIDERED; ORGANIZATIONAL PREPARATION, TYPICAL ACCIDENT REPORTING FORMS, INVESTIGATOR TRAINING AND PREPARATION, AND THE PLANNING OF AT-SCENE INVESTIGATIONS ARE DISCUSSED. To many, "accident" suggests an event that was random, and could not have been prevented. What should be included in an incident investigation? The ultimate goal is not only to ensure that the accident isnt repeated; its to use what you learn to head off other types of accidents. (a) Isopropylbenzene (b) p-Isopropylbenzenesulfonic acid (c) 2-Bromo-2-phenylpropane (d) 4-tert-Butyl-2-nitrotoluene (e) m-Chloroacetophenone (f) p-Chloroacetophenone (g) 3-Bromo-4-methylacetophenone (h) 2-Bromo-4-ethyltoluene (i) 3-Bromo-5-nitrobenzoic acid (j) 2-Bromo-4-nitrobenzoic acid (k) 1-Phenyloctane (l) 1-Phenyl-1-octene (m) 1-Phenyl-1-octyne (n) 1,4-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Members should not limit their investigation solely to the information that is required to complete the department's crash form(s). A more productive accident investigation approach goes far beyond placing blame. which of the following in the "chain of events" has the greatest amount of energy exchanged (point of first actual perception,maximum engagement, seperation, final rest) maximum engagemnt. This course will address the basic concepts of photography and their application to professional crime scene documentation. you decide you should complete a crash report. Finally, management must determine the depth of investigation the particular incident warrants. 1 Traffic crash deaths resulted in $55 billion in medical and work loss costs in addition to the immeasurable burden on the victims' families and friends in 2018. ), CASE PREPARATION, AND THE COMMON CONCERNS LINKING INVESTIGATION AND ENFORCEMENT ARE EXAMINED. The simple model shown in Figure 1 attempts to illustrate that the causes of any incident can be grouped into five categories task, material, environment, personnel, and management. By using the information gained through an investigation, a similar or perhaps more disastrous accident may be prevented. The goal of all police work is to protect the lives, property, safety, and well-being of the public. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". 4. Investigators should also gather any documentation that would be helpful, from equipment logs to photos and diagrams of the accident scene. Specialized training for officers in the traffic and accident investigation role enables individuals to properly document and evaluate an accident scene. In addition to including a summary of what happened and the investigators conclusions, the report should include all of the backup documentation, from photos to witness statements and more. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. 2 0 obj <>stream Washington State Department of Labor & Industries. what are they, which element is most likely to have caused a traffic accident, which federal organization created the highway safety matrix, which of the five levels of accident investigation deals with qualitative, speculative,statistical interpretation of data completed mostly by the government, which of the following is the most reliable to obtain information from (people, roadways,media,witnesses), which of the following in the "chain of events" has the greatest amount of energy exchanged (point of first actual perception,maximum engagement, seperation, final rest). For the police to find out whether there is enough evidence of law violation in the accident. What is the geologic time scale used for? 5. The manual describes in detail the requirements for a properly conducted crash investigation by indicating the types of evidence to collect and how to recognize, interpret, collect, and record evidence. 1 What are the five levels of accident investigation? If so. Its critical that this process begin immediately, before witnesses begin to forget details and before regular work compromises any evidence. How are accident investigations used to prevent accidents? The purpose of questioning is not to determine who deserves any blame; its to collect as much information as possible about exactly what took place. 2 Scope and purpose The purpose of this publication is to discuss the key elements of incident/accident investigation, root A small-diameter tube is inserted into a liquid whose contact angle is 110110^\circ110. The MEO and Harassment Hotline: 910-929-8894. The investigators role is to gather and organize information in an effort to uncover the truth behind the incident. Accident investigation is the scientific and academic analysis of the facts that occurred during an accident. Perform the analysis It has a, specific shape and design and usually a symbol. The third most common is public safety on 12.8% of resumes. Experienced collision investigators seeking to master the complexities of analyzing traffic collisions and reconstruct the events should attend this course. <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 1/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> First, the lessons learned in investigating even small incidents can be valuable in preventing larger incidents in the future. Its a common struggle trying to overcome long-held perceptions about safety and how accidents occur. This means they must establish credibility the moment they enter the courtroom and proceed to the witness stand to present their testimony. Submit immediate reports of all major road traffic accidents along the highways being investigated in 5Ws and 1H template; 5. The injuries maybe as follows: 1) Fatal Injury It is an injury that results in death within 12 months of the motor vehicle traffic accident. Everyone involved is curious about the causes and circumstances of the accident. Those who conduct investigations or deal with evidence are expected to testify as expert witnesses. This tool has been successfully used during several investigations but still needs to be scientifically validated. 1 (800) 342-9647. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. The most effective way to analyze is to organize all of the events in two formats. 1 0 obj /jypotU y[ \N^R"{W]fD*@Jxyp6s8M}eKPg}k#WY'?poYYFVnQ3z IXJf x* The goals of a timely and thorough accident investigation should be to: determine the cause of the accident There are five essential steps in the traffic enforcement process: 1) apprehension; 2) adjudication; 3) prosecution; 4) detection; 5) penalization. Will the level of liquid in the tube be higher or lower than the level of the rest of the liquid? Professional reconstruction b. Accident Reconstruction The Traffic Investigation Workshop and the material contained in this report deal in detail with reporting and at-scene investigation. An accident may have 10 or more events that can be causes. To assist employers and workers in conducting effective incident investigations, and to develop corrective action plans, the following resources can help: Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Outreach Training Program (10- and 30-hour Cards), OSHA Training Institute Education Centers, Root Cause: The Importance of Root Cause Analysis During Incident Investigation, Incident [Accident] Investigations: A Guide for Employers, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance. The simple model shown in Figure 1 attempts to illustrate that the causes of any incident can be grouped into five categories - task, material, environment, personnel, and management. Sharing what happens when something goes wrong also provides powerful motivation to encourage workers to make the right choices in the future. 7. it combines ____and ____, completing the basic OH-1 form would involve this stage (of the 5 stages), there are different collisions in a crash and they include which of the following, in the chain of events, this describes the point in which the danger was observed, T or F there are two coordinates that are always at 90 degrees (right angles) to eachother, t or f the most important measurements you can take at the accident scene are the vehicle final rest locations, t or f triangulation would be a good method of making measurements in a remote location where no RL could be found, t or f triangulation is the most common method for making field sketches at accident scenes, t or f using a rolatape wheel is not recommended for roadway measurements, as it is not exact enough for preparing scale diagrams, t or f for most traffic collisions, inivestigations do not go beyond first-level reporting, t or f in every collision, the first thing to do on arrival at the scene is to keep the collision form getting any worse, t or f the OH-1 ia the best example of a thorough, total Accident reconstruction, Y or N you are detailed to an accidnet scene at a railroad crossing with a pedestrian that was struck inside the railway right-of-way. Tags should be issued at the scene when the following conditions exist: Admission of the violation or essential elements by the driver. The crash happened just hours after the . An incident investigators first priority should be to ensure that the incident site is safe and secure. This online course prepares participants for their transition from a traditional patrol/traffic function to an investigative position, such as a detective. A member of the Texas A&M University System. M P A / P A , L L B P a g e |, a Is imminent danger of being seriously harmed by. The goal is to prevent tampering with evidence and exposing workers to additional hazards. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS NTSB investigations do not end at the determination of a probable cause. Because details arent always clearly defined, and because witnesses can offer widely disparate views of the same situation, the investigator should have enough experience and competency to perform the process with managements complete confidence and cooperation. about Intermediate Collision Investigation, about Basic Criminal Investigation (Online), about Foundations of Forensic Photography, about Courtroom Testimony Practical Applications, about Standardized Field Sobriety Testing Instructor, We use cookies to improve your experience on this site. About 38,000 people are killed in motor vehicle traffic crashes each year in the United States. What are the 2 major components of accidents? Module 1: Supervisor's Role. Its important to properly investigate all incidents, even those that may be appear to be inconsequential, for two reasons. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. clarity on the ways people can be exposed to substances or conditions that may affect their health. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. the LAA has developed a methodology for the encoding and the analysis of aviation accidents and incidents. Investigating your accidents and reported cases of occupational ill health will help you uncover and correct any breaches in health . Or it may be that nobody had ever considered that type of incident to be a possibility. Identify any contributing factors such as urgency, weather, equipment condition, or terrain. Research shows that excessive speed is a major contributing factor to motor vehicle crashes. . If a procedure or safety rule was not followed. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Determine why accidents occur, where they happen, and any trends that might be developing. tags) for traffic violations discovered in the course of a crash investigation. Specialized training for officers in the traffic and accident investigation role enables individuals to properly document and evaluate an accident scene. This course provides participants with an. In cases of suspected criminal activity, other agencies may participate in the investigation. ACCIDENT CAUSES AND FACTORS, THE NATURE OF CAUSES, OPERATIONAL FACTORS, CONDITION FACTORS, CONVENTIONAL CONCEPTS (SPEED, CARELESSNESS) AND CAUSE ANALYSIS ARE CONSIDERED. The total damage of road accidents is very difficult to estimate as it does not only include the cost of treatment and material damage, but also indirect damages in the form of: reduction of job opportunities, loss of working ability, inability to perform daily activities, direct reproductive costs of medical or professional rehabilitation, Accurate and complete crash investigations advance traffic safety by providing usable data for engineers and automobile manufacturers to better evaluate roadway and vehicle design and also to evaluate whether traffic laws were violated. An accident investigation form . 1639. Our focus is solely on transportation safety and determining probablecause. Accurate documentation is necessary to successfully prosecute any criminal case. Crime scene investigators and peace officers are expected to be expert witnesses. Accident Investigators in America make an average salary of $47,440 per year or $23 per hour. Properly documenting and evaluating an accident scene is important to effectively investigating and analyzing the cause. (3) 1) Result in injury or death. In the latter instance, crash investigations are . Second, investigating all incidents sends a message to employees and outside regulators that the company takes its commitment to safety seriously and pursues it consistently. a body persists in a state of rest of uniform motioon unless acted upon by an external force, on earth, the intrusion og outside force, most notably_______prevents objects from behaving perfectly according to the first law of motion, which of newtons laws of motion does the following describe? Workplace accidents should be investigated as soon as possible after they occur. According to the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, there were 50 motor vehicle-related officer fatalities in 2014 (37 percent of all officer . During this phase, NTSB specialists analyze the information gathered to piece together a sequence of events and determine what happened to cause the accident. A detailed analysis of an accident will normally reveal three cause levels: basic, indirect, and direct. Module 4: Accident/Incident Investigation. "Highway and Vehicle Marks and Damages" focuses on what to look for and how to record, collect, and analyze these observations. are you correct, Y or N you are detailed to "road rage" incident and one vehicle operator purposely collides with another vehicle. The Basic Criminal Investigation course is also appropriate for those agencies that require officers to perform both patrol and investigative functions. The course expands on the fundamentals of crash investigation with special emphasis on crash reconstruction. The goal of all police work is to protect the lives, property, safety, and well-being of the public. Module 3: Formal Workplace Inspections. Participants will learn five basic formulas that are used to determine the minimum speed or combined speed of a vehicle based on skid and/or yaw marks. Employees are trained to report accidents immediately to their immediate supervisor. Course instruction will be through lecture, case review, and practical exercises. The NTSB will assist in the investigation as a U.S. "accredited representative" if a U.S. carrier or U.S. manufactured plane is involved. Since nearly all worksite fatalities, injuries, and illnesses are preventable, OSHA suggests using the term "incident" investigation. Data collection consists of three main parts: the scene inspection, the vehicle inspection (s), and the interview (s) of the crash victims. THE FIVE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC TRAFFIC ENGINEERING TRAFFIC EDUCATION TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT TRAFFIC ECOLOGY/ENVIRONMENT TRAFFIC ECONOMY TRAFFIC ENGINEERING1 ST PILLAR OF TRAFFIC: TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES AND AIDS Types of Traffic Devices and Aids However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. krX|mG,WsE;S[;b5W}x8,80?;pNl[%R%3zRoE65aYD.2e,YQ*>y* 3a-+=FdNU6Xi}6bb0Y&@!~Fw$Rb}*yck_ Once recommendations are issued, NTSB staff: National Transportation Safety Board 490 L'Enfant Plaza, SW Washington, DC 20594, Congressional and Regulatory Correspondence, Most Wanted List of Transportation Safety Improvements. This paper aims at putting safety analysis into perspective. Why Become Accredited? This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. It is essential to investigate all crashes accordingly. are you correct, T of F in the chain of events , point of first possible percertion refers to when someone could ppossibly first observe the danger, t or f first contact in the 'chain of events' refers to the largest amount oof energy dissipated in the crash, t or f there were more people dying from car crashed than from violent crimes, t or f a disadvantage of using forms is it stifles inquiry, t or f all 3 laws of motion apply to crashes, t or f your odds of being involved in a fatal crash in your lifetime are 1 in 10,00, t or f dynamics is the study of motion with regard to what caused that motion, t or f acceleration is defined as a time rate of change of velocity, t or f a good reference point wouls be a tree, t or f your final product from your roadway measurements will contain 3 things. What are the five levels of accident investigation? Once a reporting system is in place, the near-misses can then be analysed using the '5 Why' technique. Then they should also be organized logically, to show how specific aspects related to others. a. How do you understand the word "Mutiny"? Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. This course prepares officers to instruct the Standardized Field Sobriety Test (SFST) course to their peers. . Course instruction will be. Three common soft skills for an accident investigator are empathy, good judgment and leadership skills. Professional crash investigators locate involved vehicles, photograph and measure them, and interior occupant contacts are identified. For heavier traffic flows, crash incidence rates increase steadily as traffic increases on 2- and 3-lane motorways and inflect on 2-lane motorways when traffic increases to a level of 3000 vehicles/h.