was ellen corby in it's a wonderful life

The area is now a residential neighborhood. Ranked as the #1 Most Inspirational Movie of All Time by the American Film Institute (2006). Actor Will Geer and actress Ellen Corby have co-starred as an inseparable on-screen pair on the American beloved drama series, "The Waltons." The show never even considered recasting the elderly couple when each had health issues. "It's a Wonderful Life," in which she played a . 1. | Source: Getty Images, Ultimately, that easy-going personality, with which she upheld her onscreen family on "The Homecoming: A Christmas Story," helped her reprise the role in the 1972 series "The Waltons. Capra then fired Walker, and Biroc finished the film, being promoted to cinematographer on the spot. & loan . The newspaper Bert the Cop is holding when George asks Ernie the cab driver for a ride, has the headline "Smith Wins Nomination," possibly referring to Frank Capra's and James Stewart's previous film, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939). She recalled her scene in "It's a Wonderful Life" for "The It's a Wonderful Life Trivia Book" by Jimmy Hawkins and Paul . The set was razed in 1954, and only two locations survived: the gymnasium at Beverly Hills High School (which is still in operation, with a still working moving gymnasium floor) and the Martini house, at 4587 Viro Road, in what is now the city of La Caada Flintridge, then and now both locations are within Los Angeles County, California, USA. During the bank run in It's a Wonderful Life, Ellen was one of the customers asking for her money. OK, in the Christmas movie classic "It's a Wonderful Life," the cash carried and lost by Uncle Billy (Thomas Mitchell) is identified as $8,000. The company, which released this . Ellen Corby Miss Davis . Walmsley also confirmed those assertions on occasions, admitting they had become each other's family. Amazon Prime She previously co-starred with James Stewart in two other Frank Capra films, Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) and You Can't Take It with You (1938). When George is walking down the street, Uncle Billy (portrayed by Thomas Mitchell) calls out "Hey Captain Cook, got your sea legs yet?" She played the role of Esther "Grandma" Walton on the CBS television series The Waltons, for which she won three Emmy Awards. Two of the writers called the finished film "horrid" and refused to see it when it was released. Classic Hollywood. Erin and Ashley begin a relationship. Luchetta was reportedly Corby's lover. According to an interview with Karolyn Grimes, the name Zuzu comes from Zu Zu Ginger Snaps. That's because of the enlargement. In the original short story the film is based upon, George's last name is Pratt, not Bailey. about how the cast found out about Corby's stroke and how the veteran actress' professionalism probably saved her life. A renewed pop cultural interest in this song came about when some people, mostly children, did not realize that "Buffalo" within this song refers to a city, and assumed that "Buffalo Gals" are a tribe of chimeric beast-people (a la The Wolf Man (1941)) or anthropomorphic bison. She said since he had no grandma and she had no grandkids, they decided to adopt one another. She demonstrated her rural roots by winning an impromptu bet with Lionel Barrymore when he challenged her to milk a cow on-set. Happy Birthday to Ellen Corby -- "Mrs. Davis" -- shown here with Jimmy Stewart in the run-on-the-bank scene from "It's a Wonderful Life." Best known as "Grandma Walton," she was born on June 3, 1911 and lived for 87 years. Ellen would not be seen on the big screen again until 1945 in Cornered (1945). If you look at the scene closely, you'll see it's grainier than the rest of the scenes. One of them was in the Christmas classic It's a Wonderful Life (1946). It is located on 4587 Viro Road in La Canada Flintridge. The gym floor that opens in the middle to reveal the swimming pool underneath was filmed at Beverly Hills High School In Beverly Hills, California, USA was real and is still in regular use. James Stewart was not a fan of the newfangled process, deriding it as making the classic black and white film as "looking like an Easter egg.". Titles It's a Wonderful Life. When she failed to show up for work, Geer immediately suspected something was wrong as Corby was a true professional who was never late. He turned out to be right, and the whole cast and crew threw a party to celebrate. Mary married someone else. Having never had kids of her own or grandkids, Corby was more than glad to fulfill the role, which was admittedly what she always wanted. She spent six decades of those years . Some of Milner's scenes were re-shot by Joseph Walker, but due to Capra's major falling out with him early in production, Milner was not credited on screen for any work on the film. Ellen Hansen married Francis Corby, a film director/cinematographer who was two decades her senior, in 1934; they divorced in 1944. She has even outlived some of the child actors. Off the camera, Corby, born in Racine, grew up loving her immigrant parents from Denmark. She had been married at one point, but it was mostly a convenient cover for the sake of her career and reputation. Most notably, Giannini was one of the first bankers to offer banking services to middle-class Americans, rather than only to the upper class. Young Mary refers to "National Geographic" as "a new magazine", even though it began publishing in 1888. It included cues from Roy Webb, Leigh Harline and Alfred Newman's "Hallelujah" from The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939). She co-wrote "Zuzu Bailey's It's a Wonderful Life Cookbook." The woman who gets a kiss from George during the run on the bank (all she wants is $17.50) is Ellen Corby, who'd later play Grandma Walton. In the script and i. Ellen Corby (June 3, 1911 - April 14, 1999). In 1968, Paramount absorbed the former RKO studios and lot (then known as the Desilu-Culver Studios) when it bought Desilu (Studios) Productions (from Lucille Ball), which had purchased the studio lot from David O. Selznick's Selznick International Pictures (owner of the studio lot from 1936-1956). This was the first and last time that Frank Capra produced, financed, directed and co-wrote one of his films. He was one of the stars in the Our Gang 'Little Rascals' series. [4] Although Corby was able to communicate after her stroke, her character's lines were usually limited to one word or one-phrased dialogue. ", Voted the #1 inspirational film of all time in AFI's "100 Years, 100 Cheers" (June 14, 2006). Luis Alberni, Fortunio Bonanova, Joseph Calleia, Chef Milani, Nestor Paiva, Frank Puglia and Robert G. Vignola were considered for Mr. Martini. She said since he had no grandma and she had no grandkids, they decided to adopt one another. . 5 of 206. Ellen Hansen Corby (June 3, 1911 April 14, 1999) was an American actress and screenwriter. People James Stewart, Ernie Adams, Ellen Corby, Jimmy the Crow. In the 1919 chemist shop/soda fountain scene, Young Mary is shown to be exceedingly patient. FBI agents who had viewed the film determined it to be "Communist propaganda" as the story depicts the capitalist banker, Potter, as a villain. Thus the first kiss between James Stewart and Donna Reed was shot at the same time as the other end of the phone conversation, with Sam Wainwright (Frank Albertson) on a different set (Wainwright's New York office) at RKO's Pathe studio. The original story passed through several hands, including Howard Hughes, who expressed an interest. The actual location of the Bedford Falls Main Street ran east-west from what is now the east side of the 5900 block of Ostrom Avenue, Encino. Image quality has somewhat improved since the 1940s. Ellen Corby, who played the grandmother on the television series "The Waltons," died in 1999 at the Motion Picture and Television Hospital in Woodland Hills, Calif, at 87 years of age. Sam Wainwright's catchphrase "hee-haw" is said 13 times throughout the movie, and not always by him. Ellen Corby received potentially life-saving help from her TV husband Will Geer. Under director Frank Capra's watchful eye, Stewart filmed the scene in only one unrehearsed take, and it worked so well that part of the embrace was cut because it was too passionate to pass the censors. American Actress Ellen Corby was best known for her role as Grandma Walton on the CBS series "The Waltons." After the run on the banks, George and Uncle Billy meet in the Building & Loan back office, where George receives a call from Potter, after which the scene shows George looking to a framed picture on the wall of his deceased father with a caption below that reads, "All you can take with you is that which you give away. George makes reference to this near the end of the movie when he says to Zuzu at the top of the stairs, "Zuzu my little Ginger Snap!". In the decade prior to her beginning her role as Grandma Walton, Corby acted in an episode of "The Andy Griffith Show.". Childhood & Early Life. Capra turned to Walker's assistant, Joseph F. Biroc, and asked him if he could accomplish the re-shoot of the scene with the lighting that Capra wanted, and Biroc immediately answered "I can." Sara Allgood, Helen Broderick, Jane Darwell, Ruth Donnelly, Connie Gilchrist, Hattie McDaniel, Una O'Connor and Irene Ryan were considered for Annie. Luckily, she found her "The Waltons" family, and ultimately, Walmsley. Old Hollywood Stars. The scene on the bridge where Clarence saves George was filmed on a back lot on a day where the temperature was 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Frank Capra based George Bailey's character on Amadeo Giannini (more commonly known as A. P. Giannini), the founder of Bank of Italy (which became the original Bank of America) in California, also part of the present day (2020) Bank of America, who is credited as the inventor and innovator of many modern banking practices. She spent six decades of those . Ellen Corby -- It's a Wonderful Life She was Mrs Davis at the teller window who asks for something like $17.43. In an interview, the "It's a Wonderful Life" star admitted her shared bond with the boy. Frank Capra: [Jimmy the Raven] this bird appeared in all Capra movies after 1938. Production began filming on the same day, and debuted a week after William Wyler's The Best Years of Our Lives (1946) which won each of the Oscars "It's a Wonderful Life" was nominated for. In 1954, Corby met Stella Luchetta, a friend for the rest of her life.[5]. Synopsis Sur les . The film originally ended with "Ode to Joy," not "Auld Lang Syne.". After the war Frank Capra set up Liberty Films with George Stevens and William Wyler to make more serious, soul-searching films. When she said "17.50" to Stewart, he was taken off-guard and impulsively kissed her, which was not in the script. The series ran from 1972 to 1981, and resulted in six sequel films. Director Frank Capra often said that this was his favorite of all his films. Mary is a spinster librarian. The pilot episode of "The Waltons" was actually a 1971 made-for-TV movie called "The Homecoming . This and State of the Union (1948) were Liberty's only productions. Warner got the part of the pharmacist, Mr. Gower, was that he actually studied medicine before going into acting. Instead, George was shown a reality in which he became a powerful and corrupt politician. She left the show November 10, 1976, owing to a massive stroke she had suffered at home,[1] which impaired her speech and severely limited her mobility and function. In one of the original drafts of the script, the character Mr. Potter didn't exist. Pigeons, cats and dogs were allowed to roam the mammoth set to give it a lived-in feel. Henry Fonda was in the running to play George Bailey. However, it was nothing compared to the feeling of emptiness that engulfed her following her mom's demise in 1963. The actress's onscreen marriage to Will Geer (Grandpa Walton) supposedly served as a front to mask their romantic escapades. Set in winter during the Christmas season, the story in some ways brings to mind Dickens' A Christmas Carol. She was raised in Philadelphia and started harbouring an interest in amateur theatre when she was in high school. At that moment, George overhears the following two lines of dialog through the glass pane of the door behind him: POTTER: What's the answer? Taxi. Ms. Corby, born Ellen Hansen, spent 12 years as a script assistant before turning to acting. The "Lux" version aired in March; the "Screen Guild" version aired December 29th. While freeze-frames are quite common now, Capra used them in this film before any other filmmakers. He wakes the kids up and Mary was getting ready to go to church. He is also in the scene where he turns the key that opens the gym floor to reveal the swimming pool. At $3.7 million, this was a very expensive independent production. The RKO Effects Department received a Class III Scientific or Technical Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Academy Award aka Oscar Award) for the development of the new film snow. Way to make his "grandma" proud! Two of Sesame Street (1969)'s Muppets, Bert and Ernie, share their names with the film's cop and cab driver, respectively, but it's believed to be just a coincidence. Although she ventured into the movie scenes in her youth, Corby was already in her sixties when she joined the cast of "The Waltons" as Grandma Esther Walton. So close, that even after the series ended, they considered each other grandmother and grandson. 25 year-old Donna Reed plays Mary from the age of 18 to 35. Sam Wainwright is the only one of George's close friends or family members whose fate in the world in which he was never born is not revealed. Notably, some of the tragedies Corby experienced in life fostered her relationship with Walmsley. In 1967, Dustin Hoffman is told that the future is in one word, "Plastics" in "The Graduate". The song "Buffalo Gals" was a 19th-century vaudeville song. In 2004, the BBC TV listings magazine "Radio Times" conducted a poll for the Best Film Never to Have Won an Oscar. Directed By. The fictional town of Bedford Falls in set in upstate New York (as noted on a telegram) and not in New England, as is often misstated. ", Lionel Barrymore signed up to play Mr. Potter on April 1, 1946. 1946, Movie - Drama, Fantasy, Family. In fact, Barrymore had portrayed Scrooge in an annual Christmas radio broadcast since 1934 and was to have played that character in A Christmas Carol (1938), which instead starred Reginald Owen, because Barrymore was forced to withdraw due to arthritis. Mar 31, 2017 - Another of my favs-It's A Wonderful Life-Ellen Corby playing Miss Davis, bank depositor who asked for $17.50 during the run on the Bailey Bidg & Loan, gaining a hug from Jimmy Stewart/George Bailey. Director Frank Capra estimated the film would be shot within 90 days. Ralph Waite and Michael Learned in "The Waltons." (YouTube) Learned, who at one point said she was "going to tear up" just thinking about Waite, added the star also had his faults. Two beautiful acceptance speeches by Will Geer and Ellen Corby as they win Emmys for Outstanding Supporting Actor and Actress In A Drama for 'The Waltons' at. She held that position for the next 12 years and took acting lessons on the side. This film was added to the U.S. Library of Congress' National Film Registry in 1990 for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Posthumously listed as one of Akira Kurosawa's 100 favorite films. I was not able to confirm this with Jim before he died, but shortly thereafter I spoke to Jon Stone, Sesame Street (1969)'s first producer and head writer and a man largely responsible for the show's format. One of the highlights of her career came about in 1948 in I Remember Mama (1948) as Aunt Trina. No scenes take place on Christmas Day. The only person shown smoking in the entire movie is George Bailey. The film is included on Roger Ebert's "Great Movies" list. James Stewart plays George Bailey from the age of 21 to 38, from the night of the school dance in 1928 to Christmas 1945. Filming began on April 15, 1946 and ended on July 27, 1946, exactly on schedule for the 90-day deadline. When Corby's character was asked how much money she needed, she replied $17, which was in the script. Further, The FBI claimed in a report that two of its screenwriters, Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, "were very close to known Communists and on one occasion in the recent past practically lived with known Communists and were observed eating lunch every day with known Communists." Corby's Remarkable Life Born in 1911, Ellen Corby, nee Hansen, enjoyed 87 successful years on earth before passing on. It aired during the sitcom's third . Right before rolling the cameras, director Frank Capra told. The lines occur at the end of the scene set in Peter Bailey's private office with Bailey and his son George, and Potter and his goon present. Virginia Patton Ruth Dakin Bailey . Her gradual climb into the acting world helped her cross paths with cinematographer Francis Corby, her future husband. Frank Capra strove to make scenes as real as he could for actors. It included 75 stores and buildings, a main street, a factory district and a large residential and slum area. Harry drowned when he was 16 on the day he had his picture taken, because of a sudden cramp. . Before shooting that scene, Frank Capra discreetly told actress Ellen Corby to request a very modest amount. When George sees the alternate Mary in Pottersville, this comes to pass. It made use of sets originally designed for Cimarron (1931) and it had a working bank and a tree-lined center parkway. Originally from Racine, Wisconsin, Corby was born to immigrant parents from Denmark on June 3, 1911. Mrs. Hatch's first initials are "J.W." Ellen Corby was a fixture of The Waltons as grandma Esther Walton. "Capra" means goat in Italian. Both in this film and in You Can't Take It with You (1938), Lionel Barrymore says the line, "Not with my money!". [citation needed]. Stewart was 37/38 years old during the April to July 1946 filming. This misconception was immortalized in an iconic drawing, "The Elephant Man meets the Buffalo Gal," made by humorist Gary Larson around 1980, where such a creature meets a similarly misrepresented manifestation of the title The Elephant Man (1980). He then decided to make a "Christmas Card" style gift out of it and printed 200 copies which he sent out to friends and family in December of 1943. Read Less. Clarence's boss (named Franklin in the novelization, presumably named after recently deceased Franklin D. Roosevelt) describes life as "the greatest gift" in one of the opening scenes. Thirty years after the production and release of this film, the communities were combined and incorporated as the city of La Caada Flintridge, California, USA on November 30, 1976. Hence the mentions of Buffalo and Rochester. Hatch William Edmunds Giuseppe Martini Argentina Brunetti Mrs. Martini Lillian Randolph Annie Robert J. Anderson Little George Ronnie Ralph Little Sam . A number of alternative endings were considered, with Capra's first script having George fall to his knees saying The Lord's Prayer (the script called for an opening scene with the townspeople in prayer). Also learn how She earned most of Ellen Corby networth? They decided that one of them looked like an Ernie, and the other one looked like a Bert. There's no mention of Clarence wanting wings, Mr Potter, or why George wanted to kill himself. He also carried on his music pursuits, releasing several hit songs over the years, including the 2017 blues-inspired album "Goin' To Clarksdale." While Corby had enough love to go around for her on-set grandchildren, she had an especially close bond with the Jason roleplayer, Jon Walmsley. 5 / 5 stars 95% 93%. This film is one of five times Beulah Bondi portrayed James Stewart's mother, The others are: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939), Of Human Hearts (1938), Vivacious Lady (1938), and The Jimmy Stewart Show: The Identity Crisis (1971). Pharmacist Gower's son's death at college is attributed to "Influenza" in the telegram that Young George reads, dated May 3, 1919. The car's not by the tree, but the damage is when things are back to normal. Thurston Hall, Russell Hicks, Moroni Olsen, and Tom Tully were considered for Peter Bailey. The brush he sold to Mary appears at the end. Mr. Potter's full name is shown on his office door as Henry F. Potter. Capra himself was unable to find a job with his background, and like George Bailey, considered himself a failure for many years. She also won a Golden Globe award for best supporting actress in a TV series for The Waltons, and was nominated another three times. "Buffalo Gals" became the favorite. In 1971, Grandma Esther Walton first appeared on the made-for-TV film, "The Homecoming: A Christmas Story.". It premiered at the Globe Theatre (now known as the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre) on West 46th Street in the Broadway district of Midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA, for the benefit of the Boys' Clubs of America. Steven Spielberg cites this film as one of his favorite movies. In its initial box office run, it only earned $3.3 million. This is why James Stewart is visibly sweating in a few scenes. Ellen Corby, who won three Emmys for playing the strong grandmother on the hit 1970s series "The Waltons," has died at the age of 87. . Ballantine, Jimmy Conlin, Harry Davenport, Charley Grapewin, Charles Halton, Jean Hersholt, Samuel S. Hinds, Guy Kibbee, Percy Kilbride, Donald Meek, Philip Merivale, Reginald Owen, John Qualen, and Erskine Sanford were considered for Mr. Gower. None of that is a criticism of the film it is, in fact, the very reason why this . He freezes the frame when Joseph wants to make a point to Clarence, then unfreezes it and goes right on with the story (from Shmoop). When Potter offers George a job (circa 1935) his annual salary is about $46,000 in 2020 dollars. Just prior to the first actual take, Capra took Corby aside and told her to give Stewart an odd number, thinking it would be funnier. During the filming of It's a Wonderful Life, James Stewart was actively suffering from PTSD and depression due to his service in WWII. As a result, Ellen Corby's stroke as well as her absence weighed heavy on the rest of the cast. Irving Bacon, E.J. Judy Norton Discusses . Ellen Corby ~ Grandma Esther Walton..Born: June 3, 1911, Racine, WI.Died: April 14, 1999, Los Angeles, CA . The instant that George says "God" on the bridge, it starts snowing, showing that he is back in the real world. The duo remained inseparable for decades, accompanying each other on special events, award shows, and important milestones. According to the telegram Mr. Gower receives, Bedford Falls is in New York state. Ellen Corby, who played Grandma Walton and Jon Walmsley who played Jason on the show, became very close while acting together. George tries selling a brush to Mary. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for THE WALTONS-THE COMPLETE SECOND SEASON 5-DVD SET/2005/NEW SEALED at the best online prices at eBay! Charles Williams Cousin Eustace . He wrestles with the dog. Henry Travers was considered for Mr. Potter, Peter Bailey and Mr. Gower before being cast as Clarence. 1939 was a year of deflation with a rate of -1.42%, as the last year of the Great Depression before the start of World War II. Included among the "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die," edited by Steven Schneider. By this time, Jimmy Stewart, a man of faith, was a basket case; he broke down and began to cry. Laraine Day was offered the role of Mary, but had to decline because she was already busy working on The Locket (1946). In an interview, the "It's a Wonderful Life" star admitted her shared bond with the boy. Ellen Corby, 87, who won three Emmys for playing the strong grandmother on the hit 1970s TV series "The Waltons," died April 14 at a hospital in Woodland Hills, Calif. . In the Lux version, instead of putting Zuzu's petals in his pocket, George has a bell that Zuzu likes to play with. Corby as Esther "Grandma" Walton in the television movie, introducing citations to additional sources, Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital, "Ellen Corby, 87, Grandmother In 'The Waltons' Series on TV", "From the Archives: Ellen Corby; Actress Played Grandma on 'The Waltons', Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series, Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress Motion Picture, Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress Television, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellen_Corby&oldid=1140027647, Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (film) winners, Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe (television) winners, Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale), Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Primetime Emmy Award winners, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles needing additional references from September 2012, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2022, TCMDb name template using numeric ID from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 02:09. Joseph Walker was the original cinematographer, while Joseph F. Biroc was the assistant. She was also nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe Award for her performance as Aunt Trina in I Remember Mama (1948). The short story begins with George on the bridge thinking about suicide. Corby eventually succumbed to her declining health in April 1997 at the Motion Picture and Television Hospital in Woodland Hills. This film is in the Official Top 250 Narrative Feature Films on Letterboxd. She's married to Art Jenkins, a boorish heavy drinker, and their son takes after him, but she's not an old maid. The "Stephan's Quintet" Galaxies appearing in the film were one of the five targets chosen by the James Webb Space Telescope team to reveal what the space telescope can do in its "First Images" press conference on the 12th of July 2022. But many of her formative years ended up spent in Philadelphia before interest in amateur theater took her to work at Atlantic City. [2] She returned to the series during the final episode of the 197778 season, with her character depicted as also recovering from a stroke. The iconic scene where James Stewart's character runs through a snow-swept Bedford Falls was actually filmed on a scorching July day. Many people loved it and watched it over and over. In 1946, she appeared in 14 films, although mostly in small, minor roles. Ellen Corby (Hubcaps Lesh) in It's a Wonderful Life. Byl to Caprv prvn snmek, natoen po druh svtov vlce, kterou trvil jako . This version was pulled from distribution in 1993 when the film's copyright was restored, but a new colorized version was produced under the authorization of Paramount Pictures and released in 2007. Ellen Corby (Ellen Hansen) was born on 3 June, 1911 in Racine, Wisconsin, USA, is an Actress, Writer, Soundtrack. The score was issued by Telarc on an album which included music from two other Christmas favorites: Miracle on 34th Street (1947) (Cyril J. Mockridge) and A Christmas Carol (1951) (Richard Addinsell). It got to be so hot that director Frank Capra gave everyone a day off to recuperate. It's a Wonderful Life (1946), . | Source: Wikimedia Commons. . In 1954, Corby met Stella Luchetta, a friend for the rest of her life. In 1986, a colorized version of the film was released to significant controversy. Henry Travers, who plays Clarence, also stars in The Bells of St. Mary's (1945) as Horace P. Bogardus. From there, the aspiring actress moved to Hollywood. Naturally, as the oldest woman on set with a big heart, she became a grandmother figure to everyone, especially all the child actors. She is best remembered for the role of Esther "Grandma" Walton on the CBS television series The Waltons, for which she . Hooray For Hollywood. Fun fact; both the actors who played the grandparents on The Waltons (Will Geer and Ellen Corby) were gay in real life.