battle of saipan casualty list

to CZIVA. Saipan (June 1944). The list also shows next of kin address. With the capture of Saipan, the American military was now only 1,300mi (1,100nmi; 2,100km) away from the home islands of Japan. American commanders decided to make the first Mariana landing on Saipan, the largest of the Mariana Islands. The Battle of Okinawa. The next morning, the troops were joined by U.S. Army reinforcements and began pushing inland toward Aslito Airfield and Japanese forces in the southern and central parts of the island. STATES, MARINE Battle of the Philippine Sea . Photo: Corp Angus Robertson/US Marines. Cf. [26], The U.S. erected a civilian prisoner encampment on 23 June 1944 that soon had more than 1,000inmates. Indigenous Civilian Casualties The list of Chamorros and Carolinians who lost their lives as a result of war-related causes from the beginning of American aerial bombardment in Saipan on June 11, 1944, to the closure of civilian camps on July 4, 1946. . Planners had to see to it that 59 troopships and 64 LSTs could land three divisions worth of men and equipment on an island 2,400 miles from the base at Guadalcanal and 3,500 miles from Pearl Harbor.2 These challenges aside, Navy, Marine Corps, and Army leadership anticipated a quick campaign based on intelligence they were receiving about enemy troop levels on Saipan. Two days later on July 9, 1944, Saipan was declared secure, but the horror didn't end there. 2 - by DATE, return Today the sites are a memorial and Japanese people visit to console the victims' souls.[27][28]. The memorial consists of a 12-foot rectangular obelisk of rose granite in a landscaped area of local flora and a 20-foot tower to the north . . Questions or concerns? In Camp Susupe, according to Marie Soledad Castro, we were so thankful that the Americans came and saved our lives. Fighting their way through rugged jungle terrain, Marines finally won control of Mount Tapotchau by the end of June. 155 0 obj <>stream The list of requirements was exacting: it had to be mechanically reliable, it . Of the four commanders of the 2nd Marine Divisions initial assault battalion, none escaped this phase of the battle unharmed.17. cit. 20 According to Heinrichs and Gallicchio, Implacable Foes, 93, the Japanese had 31,629 men on Saipan, 6,160 of whom were Navy combatants. The Landing and First Phase of the Battle. The Japanese were forced to retreat further north, marking the turning point in the Battle of Saipan. cit. After that, only small pockets of resistance remained; the Battle of Saipan was effectively over. ), 26. 18 Oral testimony of William VanDusen, in Saipan: Oral Histories (op. It was also the bloodiest in Marine Corps history. The read more, The Battle of Midway was an epic clash between the U.S. Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy that played out six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. They also called in the operations reserves, the Armys 27th Infantry Division.26, The unexpected difficulties on the beaches also prompted Admiral Spruance to bolster the naval defense by committing still more ships to the operation. See Kirby, War Against Japan, 429. Slow progress led to a quarrel between the U.S. Marine commander, General Howlin Mad Holland Smith, and the army divisional commander, but gradually the Japanese were confined in a small area in the north of the island. "Battle of Saipan - American Memorial Park (U.S. National Park Service)", "Operation Forager: The Battle of Saipan", "U.S. Army in World War II: Campaign in the Marianas, Ch. The Navys involvement bookended the operation: naval vessels and personnel ferried Marines and Soldiers to the beaches and then, after ground combat was over, took leading positions in the administration of the occupation. ), 157. One of the young sons succumbed to sniper fire just as the family was surrendering to U.S. Marines, who were trying to load everyone onto a truck bound for the relative safety of an American lines.35, Still less fortunate families did not find a cave or a hole in which to hide. Initially, as the battle started, Japanese accounts concentrated on the fighting spirit of the IJA and the heavy casualties it was inflicting on American forces. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}1511N 14545E / 15.183N 145.750E / 15.183; 145.750. %%EOF The invasion surprised the Japanese high command, which had been expecting an attack further south. 46 Castro, in Saipan: Oral Histories (op. 2 Waldo Heinrichs and Marc Gallicchio, Implacable Foes: War in the Pacific, 19441945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 94. USS Princeton on fire, east of Luzon, 24 October 1944. Pacific War, major theatre of World War II that covered a large portion of the Pacific Ocean, East Asia, and Southeast Asia, with significant engagements occurring as far south as northern Australia and as far north as the Aleutian Islands. Battle of Saipan, capture of the island of Saipan during World War II by U.S. Marine and Army units from June 15 to July 9, 1944. In May, American forces also bombed Marcus and Wake islands, also in the Marianas, to secure the approach to Saipan in June. The following is a list of total U.S. casualties that occurred during the Battle of Guam between July 21, 1944 and August 10, 1944. His objections were routed through formal channels as well as bypassing the Joint Chiefs of Staff, appealing directly to Secretary of War Henry Stimson and President Franklin D. After the invasion of Saipan, according to the plan, U.S. forces would quickly move to seize Guam and Tinian. Lieutenant j.g. Vice-admiral Chuichi Nagumo, the naval commander who led the Japanese carriers at Pearl Harbor, also committed suicide in the closing stages of the battle. Each list covers all army personnel who were killed, died, or remained missing between the President's declaration of unilateral emergency on May 27, 1941, and the cut-off date of the report, January 31, 1946. The plan had the support of U.S. Army Air Force planners because the airfields on Saipan were large enough to support B-29 operations, within range of the Japanese home islands, and unlike a China-based alternative, was not open to Japanese counter-attacks once the islands were secure. Did you know? Thirty-thousand Japanese personnel, with their artillery, held their fire as the tractors gained the reefs and arrived in the lagoon.11, And then, with a deafening roar of Japanese artillery, it became clear that the preparatory bombardment of the shoreline defenses, which had started at dawn, had not done enough.12 These installations were hidden well in Saipans coastal topography, which featured high ground within range of the lagoon and the reefs, a natural obstacle to U.S. vessels and a natural focal point for Japanese fire.13, Deadly complications besieged U.S. forces all at once. By February 1944, it was obvious even to the islands children that something terrible was about to happen: Just before the invasion took place, remembers one civilian whose girlhood was spent on the island, several trucks with Japanese soldiers [drove] up to our school, and the next day we had to take our classes under a mango tree. 0 Cristino S. Dela Cruz, an islander who later joined the U.S. Marines, remembers the day, on the eve of invasion, when Japanese troops confiscated his familys house in Garapan. The Americans flamethrowers, too, shone brightly amid the carnage: We could see some of our landing craft being hit by Japanese artillery and we watched Japanese tanks as they counterattacked from the low hills.30, The center of Saipan, no more than six or so miles from the farthest coast, is mountainous, but the rest of the island consisted mostly in open farmland, almost all of it planted with sugarcane and therefore inhabited.31 Uncultivated landsabout 30 percent of the islands surfacefeatured dense thickets and even denser grasslands. [11] From these latter bases, communications between the Japanese archipelago and Japanese forces to the south and west could be cut. Accounting Agency (pm), Part Japan's 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. States Lists (na, from National Archives) cit. 2 - by DATE. Three Americans were awarded posthumous Medals of Honor for repelling the relentless assaults. The loss of Saipan stunned the political establishment in Tokyo, the capital city of Japan. U.S. commanders reasoned that taking the main Mariana IslandsSaipan, Tinian and Guamwould cut off Japan from its resource-rich southern empire and clear the way for further advances to Tokyo. The Japanese had been pushed into a small pocket in the northern most part of Saipan. With Saipans airfields soon to be operational (as well as those of Tinian and Guam, which the Americans would surely get in due course) and with Japanese air power having been all but eliminated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, there was no protecting the home islands from aerial bombardment.54, Adam Bisno, PhD, NHHC Communication and Outreach Division, June 2019. 8: New Guinea and the Marianas, March 1944 to August 1944 (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1953), 18384. Battle of Saipan, capture of the island of Saipan during World War II by U.S. Marine and Army units from June 15 to July 9, 1944. Marine General Holland M. Howlin Mad Smith (1882-1967) was given a plan of battle and ordered to take the island in three days. Battle of Saipan Battle of Saipan. This allowed MacArthur to keep his personal pledge to liberate the Philippines, made in his "I shall return" speech, and also allowed the active use of the large forces built up in the southwest Pacific theatre. The list of U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Battle of Saipan, the Battle of Tinian, and . ), 2324. Just under 3, 000 Americans were killed and more than 10, 000 were wounded. 15 Kirby, War Against Japan, 432; Rottman, World War II, 378. This left the Japanese holding the Philippines, the Caroline Islands, the Palau Islands, and the Mariana Islands. The Japanese war plan, aimed at the American, British, and Dutch possessions in the Pacific and in Southeast Asia, was of a rather makeshift character. This list of Marine Corps casualties - those who died or were killed - is compiled from: USMC Casualty Cards (mc), American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC or bm), POW/MIA Accounting Agency (pm), and ; States Lists (na, from National Archives) sites. The amphibian tractors were not functioning as planned. [13], While not part of the original American plan, MacArthur, commander of the Southwest Pacific Area command, obtained authorization to advance through New Guinea and Morotai toward the Philippines. Over the next several weeks, ferocious Japanese resistance inflicted heavy casualties on U.S. troops before the Americans were finally able read more, In late January 1944, a combined force of U.S. Marine and Army troops launched an amphibious assault on three islets in the Kwajalein Atoll, a ring-shaped coral formation in the Marshall Islands where the Japanese had established their outermost defensive perimeter in World War read more, In the Battle of Tarawa (November 20-23, 1943) during World War II (1939-45), the U.S. began its Central Pacific Campaign against Japan by seizing the heavily fortified, Japanese-held island of Betio in the Tarawa Atoll in the Gilbert Islands. On February 19, 1945, men of the United States Marine Corps invaded the island of Iwo Jima, part of the Volcano Islands chain, in the North Pacific.This invasion, known as Operation Detachment, was a phase of the Pacfic Theatre of World War II.The American goal was to establish multiple airfields that would allow escort fighters to accompany long-range bombers in their attacks on the Japanese . There were flares being dropped by Japanese planes. Earlier that day, Twining had added to the melee when her guns hit a large ammunition dump on shore, as VanDusen describes it. endstream endobj 93 0 obj <. On July 9, the U.S. flag was raised in victory over Saipan. Harris Martin. The U.S. 2nd Marine Division, 4th Marine Division, and 27th Infantry Division . Historians do not know exactly how many Maratha soldiers died in the battle but many estimate that their casualties could range from 50,000 to 70,000. to CZIVA. . Antonietas Japanese mother was not so fortunate. At sea, the island's fate was sealed with the Japanese defeat at the Battle of . 34 Oral testimony of Sister Antonieta Ada, in Saipan: Oral Histories (op. Early on the morning of July 6, an estimated 4,000 Japanese soldiers shouting Banzai! charged with grenades, bayonets, swords and knives against an encampment of soldiers and Marines near Tanapag Harbor. On April 1, 1945, more than 60,000 soldiers and US Marines of the US Tenth Army stormed ashore at Okinawa, in the final island battle before an anticipated invasion of mainland Japan. We have 681 casualty profiles listed in our archive. Furthermore, many of Saipans citizens were Japanese, and the loss of Saipan marked the first defeat in Japanese territory that had not been added during Japans aggressive expansion by invasion in 1941 and 1942. ), 158. In addition to William O'Brien, Ben L. Salomon and Thomas A. Baker, Gunnery Sergeant Robert H. McCard and PFC Harold G. Epperson, were each posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The attack on 7 July would be the largest Japanese Banzai charge in the Pacific War.[18][7]. In Breaching the Marianas: the Battle for Saipan, author John C. Chapin, a Marine on Saipan, described the chaos around him that morning, with its bodies lying in mangled and grotesque positions; blasted and burned out pillboxes; the burning wrecks of LVTs [landing vehicles] ; the acrid smell of high explosives; the shattered trees; and the churned up sand littered with discarded equipment.. ), 49. Direct Antonieta Ada, a girl of mixed Japanese-Chamorro parentage, describes the place as absolutely awful. When, finally, her Chamorro father managed to locate Antonieta and have her transferred to his peoples section of the camp, things changed for the young girl: The Chamorro camp seemed to have better accommodations and better food, she attests. Despite heavy U.S. casualties, the . Although these articles may currently differ in style from others on the site, they allow us to provide wider coverage of topics sought by our readers, through a diverse range of trusted voices. The Battle for Saipan. The campaign that resulted in the most US military deaths was the Battle of Normandy (June 6 to August 25, 1944) in which 29,204 soldiers were killed fighting against Nazi Germany . The Marine Corps' Navajo Code Talker Program was established in September 1942, when the US Military instituted a specific policy of recruitment and training of speakers of Native American language speaker. The operation was marred by inter-service controversy when Marine General Holland Smith, dissatisfied with the performance of the 27thDivision, relieved its commander, Army Major General Ralph C. Smith. So VAC purchased 30 Canadian Ronson flamethrowers and requested that the Army's Chemical Warfare Service in Hawaii install them in M3 Stuarts, and termed them M3 Satans. [10] The U.S. 2nd Marine Division, 4th Marine Division, and the Army's 27th Infantry Division, commanded by Lieutenant General Holland Smith, defeated the 43rd Infantry Division of the Imperial Japanese Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Yoshitsugu Sait. hb```f``zAX,;3600ItK?-`` V,ni) 20X0>aLat>t>LKxX2\d`ne`f>9u iF lW>CL7eg`~"X/8 i.qFC ) Worse still, General Hideki Tojo (1884-1948), Japans militaristic prime minister, had publicly promised that the United States would never take Saipan. Four of them (California, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Tennessee) were survivors of the attack on Pearl Harbor.[14]. [30] The effort was ongoing in 2006.[31]. For their actions during the 15-hour Japanese attack, three men of the 105th Infantry Regiment were awarded the Medal of Honor: Lt. Col. William O'Brien, Cpt. They had prepared effective beach defenses, which caused the attacking Marines significant casualties, but the U.S. troops still managed to fight their way ashore. ), 162. General Douglas read more, In the Battle of the Aleutian Islands (June 1942-August 1943) during World War II (1939-45), U.S. troops fought to remove Japanese garrisons established on a pair of U.S.-owned islands west of Alaska. These would become part of the National Historic Landmark District as Landing Beaches; Aslito/Isley Field; & Marpi Point, Saipan Island, designated in 1985. Many were killed in the fighting, but thousands more committed suicide, along with many soldiers, rather than come under the control of the Americans. This mass of U.S. personnel became an easy target for mortars and other projectiles.14 Nevertheless, the Marine divisions managed to get to dry ground before H-hour had passed.15, Then came another nasty surprise. The resulting engagementthe Battle of the Philippine Sea of 1920 Juneresulted in a decisive U.S. victory that nearly eliminated Japans ability to wage war in the air. The landings[15] began at 07:00 on 15 June 1944. Department of War created these lists. More than 300LVTs landed 8,000 Marines on the west coast of Saipan by about 09:00. see the 'Glossary of U.S. It had a projected casualty count of 6.7 to 14 million (and that's just the American and Japanese numbers, not including other parties like the British Empire and Soviet Union). Even so, yard for yard, Betiothe main island of Tarawa atollwas the toughest fortified position the Marines would ever face in World War II. Oba's resistance was so successful that it caused the reassignment of a commander. For their part, the Japanese lost at least 27,000 soldiers, by some estimates. When it happened, in June and July 1944, the conquest of Saipan became the most daringand disturbingoperation in the U.S. war against Japan to date.1 And when it was over, the United States held islands that could place B-29 bombers within range of Tokyo. "[citation needed] Shortly after Saipan was taken, a meeting at the Imperial General Headquarters was convened where it was decided that a symbolic change of leadership should be made: Tj would step aside and Emperor Hirohito would have less involvement in day-to-day military affairs, even though he was defined as both head of state and the Generalissimo of the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces according to the Meiji Constitution of 1889. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Interested in participating in the Publishing Partner Program? Two U.S. Marine divisions began landings in the southwest of the island on June 15; they were joined two days later by an Army division. from the official USMC Chronology, are being added at: UNITED [25] Although Tj agreed to resign, Emporer Hirohito blocked his resignation because he considered Tj to be Japan's strongest war leader. Specifically, the memorial honors the 24,000 American Marines and soldiers who were killed and wounded recapturing the islands of Saipan, Tinian, and Guam during the period June 15, 1944, to Aug. 11, 1944. It cost the Marines 384 dead with 1,961 wounded. The American invasion of the Japanese stronghold of Saipan in the western Pacific was an incredibly brutal battle, claiming 55,000 soldiers' and civilians' lives in just . Holland Smith said: "It was the decisive battle of the Pacific offensive [] it opened the way to the Japanese home islands. Eventually, troops and their officers reestablished order and proceeded apace. Dela Cruzs family fled inland, as did so many others, to the apparent safety of an adjacent ridge. 27 Heinrichs and Gallicchio, Implacable Foes, 9899. However, it was the civilian casualties that stunned American troops. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. We never found his body, she continues; like so many, he just disappeared.7, In May, there were strikes on Marcus and Wake Islands to secure the approach to Saipan. date order, as well as background to battles and actions Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 11 Heinrichs and Gallicchio, Implacable Foes, 9495. Saito had expected the Japanese navy to help him drive the Americans from the island, but the Imperial Fleet had suffered a devastating defeat in the Battle of the Philippine Sea (June 19-20, 1944) and never arrived at Saipan. The list also includes 14 U.S. Defense . . The population of Saipan was diverse: Japanese colonists mingled and even intermarried with descendants of indigenous islanders, who themselves often descended from German and other European settlers of the pre-Japanese period.33 In 1919, having been lost by the Germans to the Japanese, Saipan fell under a League of Nations mandate to Japan, at which point the Japanese government began to encourage settlement on Saipans lucrative, sugarcane-laden soil. sites. cit. The Americans decided that the best course of action was to invade Saipan first, then Tinian and Guam. In wave after wave, the Japanese overran parts of several U.S. battalions, engaging in hand-to-hand combat and killing or wounding more than a thousand Americans before being repelled by howitzers and point-blank machine-gun fire. cit. open at the sides.43 Drainage, especially from the privies, was of serious concern.44, An inmates experience of Camp Susupe, as it was called, depended largely on his or her ethnicity, gender, and combat status. Although bases in the Marshalls lay fewer than 1,500 miles away, the islands desolate landscapes could not support any kind of large-scale mustering of men and materiel. Despite massing the largest invasion fleet to date, the Americans suffered heavy casualties during and after landing on November 20. National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, Honolulu, Hawai'i; Contributed by Ivy Hoffman Mentored by Mrs. Erin Sullivan Cab Calloway School of the Arts 2021-2022 . Only those killed in action or died of wounds are listed on the Memorial Wall at 42 Martin, in Saipan: Oral Histories (op. ), 18. [clarification needed] The reports had a devastating effect on Japanese opinion; mass suicides were now seen as defeat, not evidence of an "Imperial Way". On 18 June, Saito abandoned the airfield. Betio Island was three hundred acres, or the size of the Pentagon building and parking lots, and it was the centerpiece . Articles such as this one were acquired and published with the primary aim of expanding the information on Britannica.com with greater speed and efficiency than has traditionally been possible. They were using flamethrowers, and my back had been burned. 17 As Heinrichs and Gallicchio, Implacable Foes, 95, explain, Officers rounding up troops amid the confusion of the landing made their presence felt and in so doing became targets for snipers.. endstream endobj startxref Image courtesy of US Navy. On 15 June, he gave the order to attack. To surrender, a person would have to run into the crossfire, as Vickys family discovered. The [Japanese] are coming after us, Spruance said, and they were bringing with them 28 destroyers, 5 battleships, 11 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, and 9 carriers (5 fleet, 4 light) with somewhere near 500 aircraft total.28. Gus Widhelm of Scouting Eight. The Battle of Saipan was fought June 15 to July 9, 1944, during World War II (1939-1945) and saw Allied forces open a campaign in the Marianas. The Battle of Saipan was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands from 15 June to 9 July 1944 as part of Operation Forager. This got easier to decipher at dusk when the tracers came out, according to Lieutenant j.g. As survivor Manuel T. Sablan explains, We had no shovels, no picks, just a machete, so we cut some wood and used that as picks.36 Vicky Vaughan and her family did not even get so far as that. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. RM HN59XJ - PACIFIC WAR During the Battle of Saipan a US Marine finds a family hiding in a hillside cave on 21 June 1944. The Marines dubbed the ridge Purple Heart Ridge for the many American casualties sustained there. The Marines were bringing in prisoners even before we got there, he says, and in the beginning, everybody was kept under guard no matter if they were Japanese, Korean, or Chamorros, the term for indigenous islanders. Research, development, and procurement made that a long-term prospect. Then it was back to Saipan, where U.S. military personnel still needed reinforcements and materiel.29 Indeed, just hours after the Philippine Sea engagement had ended, the Saipan landings resumed. 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Bain and Minneapolis (CA-36), LCDR Joseph W. Callahan and Ralph Talbot (DD-390), LT Albert P. Scoofer Coffin of Torpedo Ten, MAtt1/c Leonard R. Harmon and CDR Mark H. Crouter of San Francisco (CA-38), CDR Frank A. EricksonFirst Helicoptar SAR, LCDR Bernard F. McMahon and Drum (SS-228), LTJG Melvin C. Roach, Guadalcanal Fighter Pilot, CDR Joseph J. Rochefort and "Station Hypo", Chief Machinist William A. Smith and Enterprise (CV-6), LCDR William J.